ISSN 2736-173X
Research Article
African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 3 (8), pp. 232-236, August, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
An evaluation of the effects of pre-treatment with vitamin C and folic acid on the hepatotoxic effect of artemisinin combination
*Bankole O. Ladipo1, Olatunji O. Alabi2, Adeola A. Oladipo1 and Ajaro E. Navison2
1School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Leeds, England, UK.
2Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
*Corresponding Authors. E-mail: bankole_ladipo@yahoo.com
Accepted 15 July, 2015
Abstract
Artemisinin and its derivatives are among the most effective antimalarial drugs used today. This study compared the effects of pre-treatment with vitamin C and folic acid on the hepatotoxic effect of artemisinin combination. Thirty male wistar rats randomly assigned to six groups of five rats each were used in the study. Group A was the normal control; groups B, C, D, E and F were placed on therapeutic doses of leonart, leonart+vitamin C, leonart + folic acid, vitamin C and folic acid respectively. They were pretreated with the respective supplements for 28 days while administration of leonart was carried out for four days starting from the 24th day of supplements administration. The rats were thereafter sacrificed by cervical dislocation after an overnight fasting. Serum prepared from the whole blood and homogenized liver were then used for analysis. The result indicates that leonart administration raised the level of malaondialdehyde, serum total, conjugated bilirubin and the activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). It however decreases the activities of liver catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) level. Combined administration of leonart with vitamin C restored these parameters to pretreatment levels. Neither separate nor combined administration of folic acid with leonart altered any of these parameters.
Key words: Leonart, hepatotoxicity, artemisinin, antimalarial, oxidative stress.
Olatunji O. Alabi, *Bankole O. Ladipo, Adeola A. Oladipo and Ajaro E. Navison
Page: 232 - 236
Research Article
African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 3 (4), pp. 110-112, April, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
An evaluation of entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae as a biocontrol agent for the adult mosquito of Anopheles stephensi (Malarial vector)
*Tendulkar S. Singh, Gandhi K. Prakash and Raj Mittal Mahatma
Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: stsingh2006@yahoo.com
Accepted 14 March, 2015
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae is being considered as a biocontrol agent for the adult mosquito of Anopheles stephensi (Malarial vector). The present experiment was carried out in the laboratory of 30-50 male and female adult mosquitoes were exposed to M. anisopliae (exposed to 1 x 106 conidia/ml of oil or water suspension). In our results, there was 96% and 94% adult mortality was observed in oil and water formulated conidia of M. anisopliae. Similarly, adult emergency rate was also decreased with increasing concentration (1x108 conidia/ml). Finally, we conclude that the fungal spores or cells developed within insect cuticle which is suppress the cellular defence system and also fungal grow on the legs and wings to arrest the mosquito movement.
Key words: Entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae, Anopheles stephensi.
Gandhi K. Prakash and Raj Mittal Mahatma, *Tendulkar S. Singh
Page: 110 - 112
Research Article
African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 3 (8), pp. 221-228, August, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
A study of the frequencies, trends and demographic characteristics of malaria diagnosed and reported among members of the UN staff deployed in northern region of Sudan
*Imran Ali Jinnah1 Soomro Khan Bhutto1 and Atif Malala Hassain2
1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: imam_jinah23@gmail.com
Accepted 20 July, 2015
Abstract
Malaria is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease, common around the globe especially in poorest countries. It is inevitable and remediable, yet it is still killing many people every year, 90% of them are in Africa. Malaria is an important threat to tourists, soldiers and employees travelling or working in endemic areas. The present study was carried out among UN staff members working in regions of Damazin, AL Obayid, kosti and areas of Blue and White Nile States. Study period comprised five years from Jan 2006 to Dec 2010. Febrile patients both males and females were screened for malaria. Thereafter, the malaria positive patients were further screened for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. P. falciparum was found in 80% of febrile patients. Most of the patients (63.6%) presented in the first two days of febrile illness and the largest number of Falciparum malaria cases was reported from July to October each year. Mean index of falciparum malaria at presentation was a major factor in determining hematological and liver functions derangements and the time taken for fever to settle after starting either of two antimalarial drugs, that is, quinine or artemether.
Key words: Plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, quinine, artemether, falciparum Index.
Soomro Khan Bhutto and Atif Malala Hassain, *Imran Ali Jinnah
Page: 221 - 228
Research Article
African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 3 (8), pp. 204-208, August, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research paper
A study of the relationship between micronutrient status and malaria infection among children in Douala town, Cameroon
*Obekop Tchani Madiko1, Andy Samuel Paul2, Yang Manu Makoun3 and Atouba P. Felicité4
1Department of Biochemistry, 2Department of Animal Biology, Université de Buea, Buea, Cameroon.
3Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 4Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, Dang, Cameroon.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: otmadiko@hotmail.com
Accepted 9 July, 2015
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic parasitic disease that prevails particularly in warm tropical regions of the world. Micronutrient malnutrition such as vitamin A and iron deficiencies which is a public health problem in Cameroon is usually highly prevalent in malaria endemic areas. Characterizing the relationship between micronutrient status (vitamin A, zinc and calcium) and malaria infection among children in Douala town (Cameroon), serum levels of zinc, calcium and vitamin A, were assayed in a total of 116 Cameroonian children (62 controls and 54 malaria patients infected by Plasmodium falciparum) less than six years old by colorimetric and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques respectively showed a significantly lower vitamin A and calcium concentrations (P < 0.01) among malaria patients (0.8 ± 0.4 µmol/l and 81.3 ± 23.7 mg/l) as compared to the controls (1.1 ± 0.6 µmol/l and 96.3 ± 16.7 mg/ml). Vitamin A, calcium and zinc status were lower in 51.85%, 51.85% and 27.27% of malaria patients respectively. Significant correlations (P<0.01) were observed when the following parameters were coupled: Vitamin A/zinc among infected children (r = 0.01), and vitamin A and zinc among uninfected children (r = 0.415). This study suggests that P. falciparum use vitamin A and calcium of its host for its proper metabolism, leading to a decrease in serum levels of these nutrients.
Key words: Malaria, vitamin A, zinc, calcium, parasitaemia.
Yang Manu Makoun and Atouba P. Felicité, *Obekop Tchani Madiko, Andy Samuel Paul
Page: 204 - 208
Research Article
African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 3 (8), pp. 229-231, August, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
An investigation of antimalarial potential against Plasmodium berghei in infected mice
*Adejare Deala Adenike1, Adamu Philip Usman and Micheal David Dike2
1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt.
2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author: E-mail: jare_adenike@yahoo.com
Accepted 12 July, 2015
Abstract
Antimalarial activity of the crude aqueous leaf extract of Pyrenacantha staudtii was evaluated using chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei infection in mice with an objective to finding scientific evidence for the use of the plant as traditional antimalarial remedy in Ido/Osi LGA of Ekiti state, Nigeria. The crude aqueous extract of P. staudtii Engl. (Icacinaceae) (100, 200 and 500 mg/kg) was administered orally to mice infected with P. berghei in 4 days suppressive test. The antiplasmodial effect during the test of the plant in blood was determined and the extract at these doses induced 58.0 to 63.4% activity in comparison with untreated (negative) control group. Chloroquine produced 100% activity. The antimalarial activity showed by P. staudtii during the test justifies its use in traditional medicine for treating of malaria in the area.
Key words: Pyrenacantha staudtii, herb, malarial, anti-malarial, Ido/Osi, Ekiti, Plasmodium berghei, mice.
Adamu Philip Usman and Micheal David Dike, *Adejare Deala Adenike
Page: 229 - 231
Research Article
African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 3 (9), pp. 245-259, September, 2015. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
Meeting the Millennium Development Goal for malaria by 2015: A time series analysis of malaria cases in Ogun State, Nigeria
Babajide Sadiq MPH, Dr PH and Perry Brown MSPH, DrPH
Institute of Public Health Florida A&M University
Corresponding author. E-mail: babajidesadiq@yahoo.com
Accepted 9 September, 2015
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the changes in the trend of malaria cases and to know if Ogun state in Nigeria will be able to meet the millennium development goal for malaria by 2015 (which is malaria morbidity and mortality are reduced by 75% in comparison with 2005. Using a 10 year malaria historical data from 2004 to 2013, a trend analysis was performed on the malaria cases and rates to know if there is a monthly or yearly increase or decrease in malaria incidence and a time-series analysis (ARIMA model) was conducted to forecast malaria cases for 2014 and 2015. The results indicated a monthly increase in malaria cases by 0.7 percent and a yearly increase of 9.0 percent and a monthly rate of 1.749 cases per 100,000 people to a yearly rate of 20.98 cases per 100,000 people. The ARIMA model forecasted about 164.9% increase in cases compare to the 2005 malaria cases. In conclusion, Ogun State will likely not meet the millennium development goal for malaria by 2015.
Keywords: Malaria, Ogun State, Nigeria, forecasting, ARIMA, time series analysis.
Full Length Research Paper
Meeting the Millennium Development Goal for malaria by 2015: A time series analysis of malaria cases in Ogun State, Nigeria
Babajide Sadiq MPH, Dr PH and
Perry Brown MSPH, DrPH
Institute of Public Health Florida A&M University
Accepted 9 September, 2015
This study was aimed at investigating the changes in the trend of malaria cases and to know if Ogun state in Nigeria will be able to meet the millennium development goal for malaria by 2015 (which is malaria morbidity and mortality are reduced by 75% in comparison with 2005. Using a 10 year malaria historical data from 2004 to 2013, a trend analysis was performed on the malaria cases and rates to know if there is a monthly or yearly increase or decrease in malaria incidence and a time-series analysis (ARIMA model) was conducted to forecast malaria cases for 2014 and 2015. The results indicated a monthly increase in malaria cases by 0.7 percent and a yearly increase of 9.0 percent and a monthly rate of 1.749 cases per 100,000 people to a yearly rate of 20.98 cases per 100,000 people. The ARIMA model forecasted about 164.9% increase in cases compare to the 2005 malaria cases. In conclusion, Ogun State will likely not meet the millennium development goal for malaria by 2015.
Keywords: Malaria, Ogun State, Nigeria, forecasting, ARIMA, time series analysis.Full Length Research Paper
Meeting the Millennium Development Goal for malaria by 2015: A time series analysis of malaria cases in Ogun State, Nigeria
Babajide Sadiq MPH, Dr PH and
Perry Brown MSPH, DrPH
Institute of Public Health Florida A&M University
Accepted 9 September, 2015
This study was aimed at investigating the changes in the trend of malaria cases and to know if Ogun state in Nigeria will be able to meet the millennium development goal for malaria by 2015 (which is malaria morbidity and mortality are reduced by 75% in comparison with 2005. Using a 10 year malaria historical data from 2004 to 2013, a trend analysis was performed on the malaria cases and rates to know if there is a monthly or yearly increase or decrease in malaria incidence and a time-series analysis (ARIMA model) was conducted to forecast malaria cases for 2014 and 2015. The results indicated a monthly increase in malaria cases by 0.7 percent and a yearly increase of 9.0 percent and a monthly rate of 1.749 cases per 100,000 people to a yearly rate of 20.98 cases per 100,000 people. The ARIMA model forecasted about 164.9% increase in cases compare to the 2005 malaria cases. In conclusion, Ogun State will likely not meet the millennium development goal for malaria by 2015.
Keywords: Malaria, Ogun State, Nigeria, forecasting, ARIMA, time series analysis.Full Length Research Paper
Meeting the Millennium Development Goal for malaria by 2015: A time series analysis of malaria cases in Ogun State, Nigeria
Babajide Sadiq MPH, Dr PH and Perry Brown MSPH, DrPH
Institute of Public Health Florida A&M University
Accepted 9 September, 2015
This study was aimed at investigating the changes in the trend of malaria cases and to know if Ogun state in Nigeria will be able to meet the millennium development goal for malaria by 2015 (which is malaria morbidity and mortality are reduced by 75% in comparison with 2005. Using a 10 year malaria historical data from 2004 to 2013, a trend analysis was performed on the malaria cases and rates to know if there is a monthly or yearly increase or decrease in malaria incidence and a time-series analysis (ARIMA model) was conducted to forecast malaria cases for 2014 and 2015. The results indicated a monthly increase in malaria cases by 0.7 percent and a yearly increase of 9.0 percent and a monthly rate of 1.749 cases per 100,000 people to a yearly rate of 20.98 cases per 100,000 people. The ARIMA model forecasted about 164.9% increase in cases compare to the 2005 malaria cases. In conclusion, Ogun State will likely not meet the millennium development goal for malaria by 2015.
Keywords: Malaria, Ogun State, Nigeria, forecasting, ARIMA, time series analysis.
Perry Brown, Babajide Sadiq
Page: 245 - 259