ISSN 2736-173X
Research Article
African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 5 (12), pp. 371-375, December, 2017. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
A study of in vivo activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of plant used as antimalaria
Oyewole I. O. 1*, Ibidapo, C. A. 2, Moronkola, D. O.3, Oduola, A. O.4, Adeoye G. O.5, Anyasor G. N.6 and Obansa J. A. 7
1, 6Department of Basic and Applied sciences, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria.
2Zoology Department, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria.
3Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye;
5University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
4, 7Public Health Division, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author: E-mail: oyewoleio@gmail.com.
Accepted 22 April 2016
Abstract
Extracts from the leaf of Tithonia diversifolia used in folk medicine for treatment of various ailments were tested for antimalaria and mosquito repellency properties in experimental animals and human volunteers, under the laboratory conditions. Comparison of the effectiveness of Chloroquine with the aqueous and methanolic extracts from the plant (T. diversifolia) showed that Chloroquine was 100% effective in clearing the parasite while the aqueous and methanolic extracts were 50 and 74% effective in clearing the parasites respectively. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts were more effective when administered before the onset of the infection, probably indicating the time-dependency of the antimalaria effects. Earlier application of the extracts at the onset of the malaria symptoms was more effective in reducing the parasitemia within a few days. The administration of the plant extracts during the malaria episode was also effective with longer period of administration. The LC50 of the aqueous extract in mice was 1.2ml/100g body weight while the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) was found to be 1.0ml/g. The repellent activity of volatile oil at different concentrations was measured by protection period against the bites of Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The volatile oil extract showed higher repellent effect on A. gambiae at higher concentrations however its repellent and protective effects at various concentrations on all other species of mosquito tested can not be underestimated.
Key words: Tithonia diversifolia, aqueous, methanolic, volatile oil extracts, chloroquine, Plasmodium berghei, mosquitoes.
D. O., Moronkola, Ibidapo, Oyewole I. O.*, C. A., Oduola, Anyasor G. N. and Obansa J. A., Adeoye G. O., A. O.
Page: 371 - 375
Research Article
Full Length Research Paper
A study of the attitude of people in Nigerian urban areas towards the prevention, treatment and management of malaria
Oyewole, Isaac O.1 and Ibidapo, Adejoke C.2*
1Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, Babcock University, Ilisan-Remo, Nigeria.
2Department of Zoology, Lagos State University, P.M.B. 1087, Apapa, Ojo, Lagos, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: jokeibidapo@yahoo.com
Accepted 11 October, 2016
Abstract
This study investigates the basic factors responsible for human-mosquito interaction, attitudinal consequences of malaria treatment pattern and management strategies in an urban center. Questionnaires were issued to the volunteers whose age range between 15 and 40 years which constitute 44.5% males and 55.5% females. These include questions about knowledge of mosquito, prevention practices, treatment methods and illness management strategies. Focus group discussion was also used to interview the participants. Preventive measures adopted against mosquito bite include sleeping under net (treated and untreated) 17 (4.2%), door and window screening 37 (9.2%), cover cloth 55 (13.8%), mosquito repellant/insecticides spray 39 (9.8%), environmental hygiene 26 (6.5%), herbal decoction 26 (6.5%), and chemoprophylaxis 45 (11.3%). There was a significant difference between those that prevent malaria with chemoprophylaxis and other methods. Self treatment (medication) accounted for 267 (66.8%) as against hospital treatment 93 (23.3%). Most of the patients 55 (13.8%) demanded for injections as against 42 (10.5%) those who showed preference for oral medication. The hospitalized patients accounted for 40 (10.0%) while outpatients were 93 (23.3%). Late diagnosis, wrong medications, incomplete doses, lack of knowledge about malaria episode and anopheles mosquitoes as malaria vector are some of the factors militating against prevention and proper management of the illness.
Keywords: Attitudes, malaria, prevention, treatment, management, urban.
Adejoke C*, Isaac O and Ibidapo, Oyewole
Page: 337 - 340
Research Article
African Journal of Malaria and Tropical Diseases ISSN 4123-0981 Vol. 5 (9), pp. 358-362, September, 2017. © International Scholars Journals
Full Length Research Paper
A study of the effect of parasitemia on in vitro susceptibility of plasmodium falciparum isolates
Bla Kouakou Brice1, Yavo William2, Ouattara Lacinan1, Basco Leonardo3 and Djaman Allico Joseph1, 4*
1Laboratoire de Pharmacodynamie-biochimique, Université de Cocody, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d’Ivoire.
2Laboratoire de microbiologie de l’Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), BP V47 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
3Unité de Recherche Paludologie Afro-tropicale, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD) – Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), BP 288 Yaoundé, Cameroun.
4Département de Biochimie, Institut Pasteur de Côte d’Ivoire, 01 BP 490 Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: djamanj@yahoo.fr. Tél : +225 22 48 10 00 poste 6807.
Accepted 15 May, 2017
Abstract
The in vitro activities of artemisinin, dihydroartemisinin (the biologically active metabolite of artemisinin derivatives), chloroquine and pyronaridine were assessed in 32 isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Abobo in the northern of Abidjan district (Côte d’Ivoire) using a test based on the standard microtechnique recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The parasites densities were ranged between 8,000 and 540,000 rings/µl of blood. The geometric means 50% inhibitory concentration (GMIC50) values for chloroquine, pyronaridine and artemisinin were 145.5 nM (95% confidence interval (CI) =65-226 nM), 17.69 nM (95% CI=9.1-26.3 nM) and 5.72 nM (95% CI=2.3-9.1 nM), respectively. Dihydroartemisinin was the most potent drug against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant isolates with a geometric mean of 2.72 nM. There was no correlation between the parasite densities and the responses to chloroquine (r2=0.01, p<0.5), pyronaridine (r2=0.13, p<0.05), artemisinin (r2=0.13, p<0.05) and dihydroartemisinin (r2=0.07, p<0.1).
Key words: Artemisinin, chloroquine, dihydroartemisinin, in vitro test, parasite biomass, pyronaridine.
Ouattara Lacinan, Yavo William, Basco Leonardo and Djaman Allico Joseph*, Bla Kouakou Brice
Page: 358 - 362
Review
Review
A study of malaria resistance and the urgent need to discover new antimalarials
S. Ravichandran1*, K. Kathiresan1 and Hemalatha Balaram2
1Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology (Annamalai University),Parangipettai – 608 502, India.
2Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore- 560 064, India.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: sravicas@gmail.com, Tel: + 914144 243223, 243533. Fax: + 91 4144 243555.
Accepted 22 March, 2015
Abstract
Malaria, which is caused by multiplication of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum in erythrocytes, is a major health problem in many southern countries. There is an urgent need to discover new antimalarials, due to the spread of chloroquinine resistance and the limited number of available drugs. Among marine invertebrates, Porifera (sponges) are potential source of novel bioactive compounds to provide future drugs against malaria, cancer and a range of viral diseases. A number of sponge-derived antimalarials have been discovered during the last decade. The compounds are mostly nitrogen containing ones (proteins, pyridines, tyrosine-based metabolites, alkaloids, indoles and amides) and also non-nitrogenous compounds (terpenes, polyketides and polysaccharides).
Keywords: Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, porifera, marine sponges, bioactive compounds, antimalarial compounds.
S. Ravichandran*, K. Kathiresan and Hemalatha Balaram
Page: 328 - 332
Short Communication
1Department of Food Technology, University of Ibadan. Ibadan. Nigeria.
2Nigeria Stored Product Research Institute, Ibadan. Nigeria.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: goadegoke@yahoo.com
Accepted 22 July, 2015
Abstract
Kunu-zaki, a non-alcoholic beverage, was produced using modified traditional method incorporating DaniellinTM. Treated samples kept for 5 days at ambient condition (26+-2 C) while untreated samples kept for only 1 day. Protein contents and calorific values of kunu-zaki treated with DaniellinTM (0.5 to 5.0%, w/v) were between 5.76 to 5.93% and 1606.47 to 1626.8 KJ/100g while values for untreated samples were 5.72% and 1547 KJ/100g respectively. Ochratoxin A (OTA) in raw materials used for kunu-zaki production was reduced from 50 mg/kg to <1.5 mg/kg with the incorporation of DaniellinTM at 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%.
Key words: Ochratoxin A, kunu-zaki beverage, DaniellinTM, food safety.
A. O., J, Adegoke, Hussien, Odeyemi, G. O*, O. and Ikheorah
Page: 325 - 327
Research Article
Full Length Research paper
A study of the relationship between micronutrient status and malaria infection among children in Douala town, Cameroon
Gouado Inocent1*, Lehman Leopold Gustave2, Some Issa T.3, Mbouyap Yolande1, Pankoui Mfonkeu Joel Bertand 1, Ejoh Aba Richard4 and Tchouanguep Mbiapo Felicité5
1Department of Biochemistry, University of Douala; P.O. Box: 24157 Douala, Cameroon.
2Department of Animal Biology, University of Douala; P.O. Box: 24157 Douala, Cameroon.
3Laboratory of Analytic Chemistry and Toxicology, Teaching and Research Unit in Health Sciences, University of Ouagadougou - Burkina Faso.
4Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, University of Ngaoundére, Ngaoundéré – Cameroon.
5Department of biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang – Cameroon.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: gouadoi@yahoo.fr.
Accepted 10 March, 2015
Abstract
Malaria is an endemic parasitic disease that prevails particularly in warm tropical regions of the world. Micronutrient malnutrition such as vitamin A and iron deficiencies which is a public health problem in Cameroon is usually highly prevalent in malaria endemic areas. Characterizing the relationship between micronutrient status (vitamin A, zinc and calcium) and malaria infection among children in Douala town (Cameroon), serum levels of zinc, calcium and vitamin A, were assayed in a total of 116 Cameroonian children (62 controls and 54 malaria patients infected by Plasmodium falciparum) less than six years old by colorimetric and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques respectively showed a significantly lower vitamin A and calcium concentrations (P < 0.01) among malaria patients (0.8 ± 0.4 µmol/l and 81.3 ± 23.7 mg/l) as compared to the controls (1.1 ± 0.6 µmol/l and 96.3 ± 16.7 mg/ml). Vitamin A, calcium and zinc status were lower in 51.85%, 51.85% and 27.27% of malaria patients respectively. Significant correlations (P<0.01) were observed when the following parameters were coupled: Vitamin A/zinc among infected children (r = 0.01), and vitamin A and zinc among uninfected children (r = 0.415). This study suggests that P. falciparum use vitamin A and calcium of its host for its proper metabolism, leading to a decrease in serum levels of these nutrients.
Key words: Malaria, vitamin A, zinc, calcium, parasitaemia.
Ejoh Aba Richard and Tchouanguep Mbiapo Felicité, Some Issa T, Lehman Leopold Gustave, Pankoui Mfonkeu Joel Bertand, Mbouyap Yolande, Gouado Inocent*
Page: 319 - 324